![]() ![]() ![]() Even though buffer zones influence the effectiveness of protected areas for conserving biodiversity ( Hamilton et al., 2013), studies comparing biodiversity inside and outside protected areas are limited ( Rada et al., 2019). Intensive land-use has increased outside the administrative boundaries of existing protected areas causing, in many cases, habitat degradation and fragmentation ( DeFries et al., 2005 Griffith et al., 2009 Joppa et al., 2008 Radeloff et al., 2010 Weisse & Naughton-Treves, 2016). ![]() Despite the importance of buffer zones as an extra layer of protection to protected areas, the lack of political will, inadequate budget for enforcement and uncertain institutional responsibilities have limited their conservation effectiveness worldwide ( Kintz et al., 2006 Lynagh & Urich, 2002 Mehring & Stoll-Kleemann, 2011 Weisse & Naughton-Treves, 2016). Their core areas are devoted to long-term conservation objectives, while their buffer zones aim to promote human and economic development in an ecologically sustainable manner, and to ensure the protection of the core zones ( Bridgewater, 2002 Lasserre & Hadley, 1997). A combination of sustainable livelihood activities, cultural practices, and forest protection, as observed in many Indigenous communities, is critical to fulfilling the role of a Biosphere Reserve-to reconcile the conservation of biological and cultural diversity while improving social and economic development.īiosphere reserves around the world have been created to contribute to the conservation of biological and cultural diversity, ecosystem services, and sustainable development ( Bridgewater, 2002). However, our findings also underscore the high potential of buffer zones managed by Indigenous communities for biodiversity conservation. Our results suggest that increasing degradation through expanding agriculture traditionally adopted by immigrant communities could significantly threaten biodiversity within the buffer zone. Conversely, the richness and diversity of amphibians in the regenerating forest and the Indigenous communities’ forests were similar to that of the core protected area, and each had a relatively unique community composition, whereas the agricultural land was dominated by generalist species. Species richness, evenness, and diversity of amphibians decreased with habitat degradation and were lowest in the agricultural land. Overall, in 2249 ha surveyed of the buffer zone, we recorded 70 amphibian species (57% of the 124 species recorded in the Manu Biosphere Reserve from the same elevational range within our study). All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS ![]()
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